Interactions in Syntrophic Associations of Endospore-Forming, Butyrate-Degrading Bacteria and H2-Consuming Bacteria

Butyrate is an important intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter. In sulfate-depleted environments butyrate is oxidized to acetate and hydrogen by obligate proton reducers, in syntrophic association with hydrogen-consuming methanogens. This paper describes two enrichments of endospore-forming bacteria degrading butyrate in consortia with methanogens. The isolates are readily established in coculture with H₂-consuming, sulfate-reducing bacteria by pasteurizing the culture. The two original enrichments differed in that one grew to an optically dense culture while the second grew in clumps. Examination by scanning electron microscopy showed that clumping resulted from the production of large amounts of extracellular polymer. Several H₂-consuming methanogens were identified in the enrichments. Some of them grew closely associated to the butyrate degraders. This attachment to the hydrogen producer may permit some methanogens to compete for the growth substrate against other bacteria having higher substrate affinity.     

Synthesis of cytoskeletal and contractile proteins by cultured IMR-90 fibroblasts

Models of the assembly of cytoskeletal and contractile proteins of eukaryotic cells require quantitative information about the rates of synthesis of individual component proteins. We applied the dual isotope technique of Clark and Zak (1981, J. Biol. Chem., 256:4863-4870) to measure the synthesis rates of cytoskeletal and contractile proteins in stationary and growing cultures of IMR-90 fibroblasts. Fibroblast proteins were labeled to equilibrium with [14C]leucine over several days, at the end of which there was a 4-h pulse with [3H]leucine. Fractional synthesis rates (percent per hour) were calculated from the 3H/14C ratio of cell protein extracts or protein purified by one- or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the 3H/14C ratio of medium-free leucine. The average fractional synthesis rate for total, SDS- or urea-soluble; Triton-soluble; and cytoskeletal protein extracts in stationary cells each was approximately 4.0%/h. The range of values for the synthesis of individual proteins from total cell extracts or cytoskeletal extracts sliced from one-dimensional gels was similar, though this range was greater than that for major proteins of Triton-soluble protein extracts. Three specific cytoskeletal proteins--actin, vimentin, and tubulin--were synthesized at similar rates that were significantly slower than the average fractional synthesis rate for total protein. Myosin, on the other hand, was synthesized faster than average. Synthesis rates were the same for beta-and gamma-actin and polymerized (cytoskeletal extract) vs. Triton-soluble actin. The same was true for alpha- and beta-tubulin and two different forms of vimentin. Synthesis rates were uniformly higher in growing cells, though the same pattern of differential rates was observed as for stationary cells. Synthesis rates in growing cells were higher than the rate necessary to maintain the growth rate, even for those cytoskeletal proteins being synthesized slowly. Therefore, there appears to be some turnover of these cytoskeletal elements even during growth. We conclude that proteins in cytoskeletal extracts may have nonuniform rates of synthesis, but at least one important subclass of cytoskeletal proteins that comprise filament subunits have the same synthesis rates.     

Further characterisation of a polyclonal antiserum for DNA photoproducts: the use of different labelled antigens to control its specificity

Synthetic polynucleotides irradiated with far (254 nm) or near (320 nm) UV-light were used to characterise 3 different radioimmunoassay systems. Antiserum raised against DNA irradiated with a high dose of far-UV-light was found to have at least 2 antibody populations. A competitive assay in which the labelled antigen was irradiated at 254 nm was found to be specific for Pyr(6-4)Pyo adducts, the antibody-binding sites being sensitive to a secondary photolytic dose of 320-nm light. When the labelled antigen was irradiated with 320-nm light the assay was specific for cyclobutane dimers. This assay had the same specificity as one consisting of labelled DNA irradiated with 254-nm light and an antiserum raised against DNA irradiated at 320 nm in the presence of acetophenone. These assay systems were used to demonstrate the dose-dependence of the induction and photolytic degradation of Pyr(6-4)Pyo adducts by a near-UV-light source.     

Comparison of rates of natural senescence of the root cortex of wheat (with and without mildew infection), barley,oats and rye

Summary In comparative tests in a glasshouse, the cortex of oat and rye roots senesced more slowly than the cortex of wheat and barley roots. Of the cereals tested, wheat showed the most rapid rate of root cortical senescence, and the rate was unaffected by inoculation of leaves withErysiphe graminis. The results are discussed in relation to infection by root pathogens.     

Influence of Seismic Stress on Photosynthetic Productivity, Gas Exchange, and Leaf Diffusive Resistance of Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Wells II

Relative growth rate (RGR), leaf water potential (Ψw), transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal and mesophyll resistances to CO₂ exchange were measured or calculated to determine how periodic seismic (shaking) stress decreased dry weight accumulation by soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill cv Wells II). Seismic stress was applied with a gyratory shaker at 240 to 280 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes three times daily at 0930, 1430, and 1930 hours. Fifteen days of treatment decreased stem length 21%, leaf area 17%, and plant dry weight 18% relative to undisturbed plants. Seismic stress also decreased RGR 4%, which was due entirely to decreased net assimilation rate. Transpiration decreased 17% and leaf Ψw increased 39% 30 minutes after treatment. A reduction in Pn began within seconds after the onset of treatment and had declined 16% after 20 minutes, at which time gradual recovery began. Assimilation rate recovered fully before the next seismic treatment 5 hours later. Resistance analysis and calculation of leaf internal CO₂ levels indicated that the transitory decrease in Pn caused by periodic seismic stress was due to increased stomatal resistance on the abaxial leaf surface.     

Clonal variations in keratin : Intermediate filament expression by human somatic cell hybrids

The intermediate filament composition of differentiated vertebrate cells provides a stable phenotype which appears to be specifically regulated in each cell type. In order to analyse the regulation of intermediate filament expression we have constructed human somatic cell hybrids from the fusion of the HeLa-derived cell line HEB7A and a normal human diploid fibroblast, GM2291. These parental cells differ with respect to the presence or absence of keratin intermediate filaments. Isolation of independently arising clones produced two classes of hybrids. One class expresses keratin in a stable manner and the other class lacks keratin altogether. Indirect immunofluorescence of hybrid cells using antikeratin antiserum demonstrates that there are variations in the intensity and organization of cytoskeletal keratin staining. SDS-PAGE comparisons of cell extracts from these hybrids indicates that there are quantitative differences in the relative amounts of individual keratin polypeptides as well. These clonal variations have allowed us to begin assessing the consequences of genetic interactions between cell types that are normally capable of closely regulating different subsets of intermediate filament genes.     

The regulation of''early'' enzymes during the development and dedifferentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum

The specific activities of the enzymes alpha-mannosidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase increase immediately after the initiation of the development of bacterially grown cell cultures of Dictyostelium discoideum. The regulation of these two enzymes was found to be dissociable in the developmental timer mutant, FM-1, which aggregates 4.5 h earlier than wild-type cells due to the absence of the first rate-limiting component of the preaggregative period. The increase in alpha-mannosidase activity occurs in the absence of the first rate-limiting component, but the increase in N-acetylglucosaminidase activity does not. These results indicate the following: (1) the increase in the specific activity of alpha-mannosidase is not related to the timing of subsequent developmental stages; (2) the increase in the specific activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase is not necessary for the subsequent developmental program; and (3) either the increase in the specific activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase is dependent upon progress through the first rate-limiting component, or the increase in this enzyme activity and the first rate-limiting component are both dependent upon an early event for which FM-1 is defective. In addition to early development, we monitored the two enzyme activities during dedifferentiation. The results demonstrate that there is no difference between dedifferentiating wild-type cells and dedifferentiation-defective mutant HI-4 cells. Changes in enzyme specific activity accompanying dedifferentiation are dependent upon the composition of the dedifferentiation-inducing media and are consistent with the levels of these enzymes observed in cells growing in the different nutrient media.     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.